Sunday, 10 July 2011
SUPRISE BIRTHDAY
Boleh cerita sedikit tentang birthday yang ku baru terkana baru-baru ani....berlaku pada 10/7/2011...jam 9.20 a.m..biasalah...pagi2 sarapan pagi pun balum,tiba-tiba kana bagi satu kejutan....daripada cousinku yang berada sebelah rumah....kan mahu tahu apa di buatnya.....mula -mula memaksa aku untuk mengambar seekor serangga...(ALASAN..)..tau2 apa....SUPRISE....!!!!!!....
'
'
Tuesday, 5 July 2011
Saturday, 2 July 2011
Dead Sea
A view from the Israeli side looking across to Jordan
Coordinates 31°20′N 35°30′ECoordinates: 31°20′N 35°30′E
Lake type endorheic
hypersaline
Primary inflows Jordan River
Primary outflows none
Catchment area 41,650 km2 (16,080 sq mi)
Basin countries Jordan
Israel
West Bank
Max. length 67 km (42 mi)
Max. width 18 km (11 mi)
Surface area 810 km2 (310 sq mi)
North Basin
Average depth 118 m (387 ft)[1]
Max. depth 377 m (1,237 ft)
Water volume 147 km3 (35 cu mi)
Shore length1 135 km (84 mi)
Surface elevation −423 m (−1,388 ft)[2]
References [1][2]
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.
Dead Sea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the Brian Keene book of the same name, see Dead Sea (novel).
Dead Sea
A view from the Israeli side looking across to Jordan
Coordinates 31°20′N 35°30′ECoordinates: 31°20′N 35°30′E
Lake type endorheic
hypersaline
Primary inflows Jordan River
Primary outflows none
Catchment area 41,650 km2 (16,080 sq mi)
Basin countries Jordan
Israel
West Bank
Max. length 67 km (42 mi)
Max. width 18 km (11 mi)
Surface area 810 km2 (310 sq mi)
North Basin
Average depth 118 m (387 ft)[1]
Max. depth 377 m (1,237 ft)
Water volume 147 km3 (35 cu mi)
Shore length1 135 km (84 mi)
Surface elevation −423 m (−1,388 ft)[2]
References [1][2]
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.
The Dead Sea (Arabic: البحر الميت al-Bahr al-Mayyit (help·info),[3] Hebrew: יָם הַמֶּלַח, Yām Ha-Melaḥ, "Sea of Salt"), also called the Salt Sea, is a salt lake bordering Jordan to the east and Israel and the West Bank to the west. Its surface and shores are 423 metres (1,388 ft) below sea level,[2] the lowest elevation on the Earth's surface on dry land. The Dead Sea is 377 m (1,237 ft) deep, the deepest hypersaline lake in the world. With 33.7% salinity, it is also one of the world's saltiest bodies of water, though Lake Assal (Djibouti), Garabogazköl and some hypersaline lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica (such as Don Juan Pond) have reported higher salinities. It is 8.6 times saltier than the ocean.[4] This salinity makes for a harsh environment in which animals cannot flourish, hence its name. The Dead Sea is 67 kilometres (42 mi) long and 18 kilometres (11 mi) wide at its widest point. It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.
The Dead Sea has attracted visitors from around the Mediterranean basin for thousands of years. Biblically, it was a place of refuge for King David. It was one of the world's first health resorts (for Herod the Great), and it has been the supplier of a wide variety of products, from balms for Egyptian mummification to potash for fertilizers. People also use the salt and the minerals from the Dead Sea to create cosmetics and herbal sachets. In 2009, 1.2 million foreign tourists visited on the Israeli side.[citation needed]
The sea has a density of 1.24 kg/L,[citation needed] which makes swimming similar to floating.[5]
Contents [hide]
1 Etymology and toponymy
2 Geography
3 Natural history
4 Climate
5 Chemistry
6 Health effects and therapies
7 Fauna and flora
8 Human settlement
9 In religious accounts
9.1 Hebrew bible
9.2 Islam
10 History
10.1 Second Temple period
10.2 Ancient Greek period
10.3 Herodian period
10.4 Modern times
11 Industry
12 Recession and environmental concerns
13 Gallery
14 See also
15 References
16 Further reading
17 External links
[edit]Etymology and toponymy
In Hebrew, the Dead Sea is Yām ha-Melaḥ (help·info), meaning "sea of salt" (Genesis 14,3). In prose sometimes the term Yām ha-Māvet (ים המוות, "sea of death") is used. In Arabic the Dead Sea is called al-Bahr al-Mayyit[3] (help·info) ("the Dead Sea"), or less commonly baḥrᵘ lūṭᵃ (بحر لوط, "the Sea of Lot"). Another historic name in Arabic was the "Sea of Zoʼar", after a nearby town in biblical times. The Greeks called it Lake Asphaltites (Attic Greek ἡ Θάλαττα ἀσφαλτῖτης, hē Thálatta asphaltĩtēs, "the Asphaltite[6] sea"). The Bible also refers to it as Yām ha-Mizraḥî (ים המזרחי, "the Eastern sea") and Yām ha-‘Ărāvâ (ים הערבה, "Sea of the Arabah").
[edit]Geography
Satellite photograph showing the location of the Dead Sea
The Dead Sea is an endorheic lake located in the Jordan Rift Valley, a geographic feature formed by the Dead Sea Transform (DST). This left lateral-moving transform fault lies along the tectonic plate boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate. It runs between the East Anatolian Fault zone in Turkey and the northern end of the Red Sea Rift offshore of the southern tip of Sinai.
The Jordan River is the only major water source flowing into the Dead Sea, although there are small perennial springs under and around the Dead Sea, creating pools and quicksand pits along the edges.[7] There are no outlet streams.
Rainfall is scarcely 100 mm (4 in) per year in the northern part of the Dead Sea and barely 50 mm (2 in) in the southern part. The Dead Sea zone's aridity is due to the rainshadow effect of the Judean Hills. The highlands east of the Dead Sea receive more rainfall than the Dead Sea itself.
To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judean Hills rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the east. Along the southwestern side of the lake is a 210 m (700 ft) tall halite formation called "Mount Sodom".
[edit]Natural history
Near Ein Gedi, salt builds up along the shores of the Dead Sea.
There are two contending hypotheses about the origin of the low elevation of the Dead Sea. The older hypothesis is that it lies in a true rift zone, an extension of the Red Sea Rift, or even of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa. A more recent hypothesis is that the Dead Sea basin is a consequence of a "step-over" discontinuity along the Dead Sea Transform, creating an extension of the crust with consequent subsidence.
Around three million years ago[citation needed], what is now the valley of the Jordan River, Dead Sea, and Wadi Arabah was repeatedly inundated by waters from the Mediterranean Sea. The waters formed in a narrow, crooked bay which was connected to the sea through what is now the Jezreel Valley. The floods of the valley came and went depending on long scale climate change. The lake that occupied the Dead Sea Rift, named "Lake Sodom", deposited beds of salt that eventually became 3 km (2 mi) thick.
Approximately two million years ago[citation needed], the land between the Rift Valley and the Mediterranean Sea rose to such an extent that the ocean could no longer flood the area. Thus, the long bay became a lake.
The first such prehistoric lake is named "Lake Gomorrah." Lake Gomorrah was a freshwater or brackish lake that extended at least 80 km (50 mi) south of the current southern end of the Dead Sea and 100 km (60 mi) north, well above the present Hula Depression. As the climate became more arid, Lake Gomorrah shrank and became saltier. The large, saltwater predecessor of the Dead Sea is called "Lake Lisan."
Pebbles cemented with halite on the western shore of the Dead Sea near Ein Gedi.
In prehistoric times, great amounts of sediment collected on the floor of Lake Gomorrah. The sediment was heavier than the salt deposits and squeezed the salt deposits upwards into what are now the Lisan Peninsula and Mount Sodom (on the southwest side of the lake). Geologists explain the effect in terms of a bucket of mud into which a large flat stone is placed, forcing the mud to creep up the sides of the pail. When the floor of the Dead Sea dropped further due to tectonic forces, the salt mounts of Lisan and Mount Sodom stayed in place as high cliffs. (see salt domes)
From 70,000 to 12,000 years ago, the lake level was 100 m (330 ft) to 250 m (820 ft) higher than its current level. This lake, called "Lake Lisan", fluctuated dramatically, rising to its highest level around 26,000 years ago, indicating a very wet climate in the Near East.[8] Around 10,000 years ago , the lake level dropped dramatically, probably to levels even lower than today. During the last several thousand years, the lake has fluctuated approximately 400 m (1,300 ft), with some significant drops and rises. Current theories as to the cause of this dramatic drop in levels rule out volcanic activity; therefore, it may have been a seismic event.
[edit]Climate
The Dead Sea's climate offers year-round sunny skies and dry air. It has less than 50 millimetres (2 in) mean annual rainfall and a summer average temperature between 32 and 39 °C (90 and 102 °F). Winter average temperatures range between 20 and 23 °C (68 and 73 °F). The region has weakened ultraviolet radiation, particularly the UVB (erythrogenic rays), and an atmosphere characterized by a high oxygen content due to the high barometric pressure.[9] The sea affects temperatures nearby because of the moderating effect a large body of water has on climate. During the winter, sea temperatures tend to be higher than land temperatures, and vice versa during the summer months. This is the result of the water's mass and specific heat capacity. On average, there are 192 days above 30C (86F) annually [10].
[hide]Climate data for Dead Sea
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 26.4
(79.5) 30.4
(86.7) 33.8
(92.8) 42.5
(108.5) 45.0
(113) 46.4
(115.5) 47.0
(116.6) 44.5
(112.1) 43.6
(110.5) 40.0
(104) 35.0
(95) 28.5
(83.3) 47.0
(116.6)
Average high °C (°F) 20.5
(68.9) 21.7
(71.1) 24.8
(76.6) 29.9
(85.8) 34.1
(93.4) 37.6
(99.7) 39.7
(103.5) 39.0
(102.2) 36.5
(97.7) 32.4
(90.3) 26.9
(80.4) 21.7
(71.1) 30.4
(86.7)
Average low °C (°F) 12.7
(54.9) 13.7
(56.7) 16.7
(62.1) 20.9
(69.6) 24.7
(76.5) 27.6
(81.7) 29.6
(85.3) 29.9
(85.8) 28.3
(82.9) 24.7
(76.5) 19.3
(66.7) 14.1
(57.4) 21.9
(71.4)
Record low °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7) 6.0
(42.8) 8.0
(46.4) 11.5
(52.7) 19.0
(66.2) 23.0
(73.4) 26.0
(78.8) 26.8
(80.2) 24.2
(75.6) 17.0
(62.6) 9.8
(49.6) 6.0
(42.8) 5.4
(41.7)
Precipitation mm (inches) 7.8
(0.307) 9.0
(0.354) 7.6
(0.299) 4.3
(0.169) 0.2
(0.008) 0.0
(0) 0.0
(0) 0.0
(0) 0.0
(0) 1.2
(0.047) 3.5
(0.138) 8.3
(0.327) 41.9
(1.65)
% Humidity 41 38 33 27 24 23 24 27 31 33 36 41 31.5
Avg. precipitation days 3.3 3.5 2.5 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.6 2.8 15.6
Source: Israel Meteorological Service[11]
[edit]Chemistry
Until the winter of 1978-79, when a major mixing event took place,[12] the Dead Sea was composed of two stratified layers of water that differed in temperature, density, age, and salinity. The topmost 35 metres (115 ft) or so of the Dead Sea had a salinity that ranged between 300 and 400 parts per thousand and a temperature that swung between 19 °C (66 °F) and 37 °C (99 °F). Underneath a zone of transition, the lowest level of the Dead Sea had waters of a consistent 22 °C (72 °F) temperature and complete saturation of sodium chloride (NaCl).[citation needed] Since the water near the bottom is saturated, the salt precipitates out of solution onto the sea floor.
Beginning in the 1960s, water inflow to the Dead Sea from the Jordan River was reduced as a result of large-scale irrigation and generally low rainfall. By 1975, the upper water layer of the Dead Sea was saltier than the lower layer. Nevertheless, the upper layer remained suspended above the lower layer because its waters were warmer and thus less dense. When the upper layer finally cooled down so its density was greater than the lower layer, the waters of the Dead Sea mixed (1978–79). For the first time in centuries, the lake was a homogeneous body of water. Since then, stratification has begun to redevelop.[12]
The mineral content of the Dead Sea is very different from that of ocean water. The exact composition of the Dead Sea water varies mainly with season, depth and temperature. In the early 1980s, the concentration of ionic species (in g/kg) of Dead Sea surface water was Cl− (181.4), Br− (4.2), SO42− (0.4), HCO3− (0.2), Ca2+ (14.1), Na+ (32.5), K+ (6.2) and Mg2+ (35.2). The total salinity was 276 g/kg.[13] These results show that the composition of the salt, as anhydrous chlorides on a weight percentage basis, was calcium chloride (CaCl2) 14.4%, potassium chloride (KCl) 4.4%, magnesium chloride (MgCl2) 50.8% and sodium chloride (common salt, NaCl) 30.4%. In comparison, the salt in the water of most oceans and seas is approximately 97% sodium chloride. The concentration of sulfate ions (SO42−) is very low, and the concentration of bromide ions (Br−) is the highest of all waters on Earth. The sea itself is abundant in minerals acclaimed to have therapeutic value.[citation needed]
The salt concentration of the Dead Sea fluctuates around 31.5%. This is unusually high and results in a nominal density of 1.24 kg/l. Anyone can easily float in the Dead Sea because of natural buoyancy. In this respect the Dead Sea is similar to the Great Salt Lake in Utah in the United States.
An unusual feature of the Dead Sea is its discharge of asphalt. From deep seeps, the Dead Sea constantly spits up small pebbles and blocks of the black substance.[14] Asphalt coated figurines and bitumen coated Neolithic skulls from archaeological sites have been found. Egyptian mummification processes used asphalt imported from the Dead Sea region.[15][16]
[edit]Health effects and therapies
The Dead Sea area has become a major center for health research and treatment for several reasons. The mineral content of the water, the very low content of pollens and other allergens in the atmosphere, the reduced ultraviolet component of solar radiation, and the higher atmospheric pressure at this great depth each have specific health effects. For example, persons suffering reduced respiratory function from diseases such as cystic fibrosis seem to benefit from the increased atmospheric pressure.[17]
Sufferers of the skin disorder psoriasis also benefit from the ability to sunbathe for long periods in the area due to its position below sea level and subsequent result that many of the sun's harmful UV rays are reduced.[18]
Thus, the region's climate and low elevation have made it a popular center for several types of therapies:
Climatotherapy: Treatment which exploits local climatic features such as temperature, humidity, sunshine, barometric pressure and special atmospheric constituents
Heliotherapy: Treatment that exploits the biological effects of the sun's radiation
Thalassotherapy: Treatment that exploits bathing in Dead Sea water
Panorama of the Dead Sea from the Mövenpick Resort, Jordan.
[edit]Fauna and flora
Dead Sea in the morning, seen from Masada
The sea is called "dead" because its high salinity prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms, such as fish and aquatic plants, from living in it, though minuscule quantities of bacteria and microbial fungi are present.
In times of flood, the salt content of the Dead Sea can drop from its usual 35% salinity to 30% or lower. The Dead Sea temporarily comes to life in the wake of rainy winters. In 1980, after one such rainy winter, the normally dark blue Dead Sea turned red. Researchers from Hebrew University found the Dead Sea to be teeming with a type of algae called Dunaliella. The Dunaliella in turn nourished carotenoid-containing (red-pigmented) halobacteria, whose presence caused the color change. Since 1980, the Dead Sea basin has been dry and the algae and the bacteria have not returned in measurable numbers.
Many animal species live in the mountains surrounding the Dead Sea. Hikers can see camels, ibex, hares, hyraxes, jackals, foxes, and even leopards. Hundreds of bird species inhabit the zone as well. Both Jordan and Israel have established nature reserves around the Dead Sea.
The delta of the Jordan River was formerly a veritable jungle of papyrus and palm trees. Flavius Josephus described Jericho as "the most fertile spot in Judea". In Roman and Byzantine times, sugarcane, henna, and sycamore fig all made the lower Jordan valley quite wealthy. One of the most valuable products produced by Jericho was the sap of the balsam tree, which could be made into perfume. However, by the 19th century, Jericho's fertility had disappeared.
[edit]Human settlement
There are several small communities near the Dead Sea. These include Ein Gedi, Neve Zohar and the Israeli settlements in the Megilot Regional Council: Kalya, Mitzpe Shalem and Avnat. There is a nature preserve at Ein Gedi, and several Dead Sea hotels are located on the southwest end at Ein Bokek near Neve Zohar. Highway 90 runs north-south on the Israeli side for a total distance of 565 km from Metula on the Lebanese border in the north to its southern terminus at the Egyptian border near the Red Sea port of Eilat.
Potash City is a small community on the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea. Highway 65 runs north-south on the Jordanian side.
[edit]In religious accounts
[edit]Hebrew bible
Just north of the Dead Sea is Jericho. Somewhere, perhaps on the southeast shore, would be the cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis which were said to have been destroyed in the time of Abraham: Sodom and Gomorra (Genesis 18) and the three other "Cities of the Plain" - Admah, Zeboim and Zoar (Deuteronomy 29:23). Zoar escaped destruction when Abraham's nephew Lot escaped to Zoar from Sodom (Genesis 19:21-22). Before the destruction, the Dead Sea was a valley full of natural tar pits, which was called the vale of Siddim. King David was said to have hidden from Saul at Ein Gedi nearby.
In Ezekiel 47:8-9 there is a specific prophecy that the sea will ".. be healed and made fresh", becoming a normal lake capable of supporting marine life. A similar prophecy is stated in Zechariah 14:8, which says that "Living waters will go out from Jerusalem, half of them to the eastern sea (likely the Dead Sea) and half to the western sea (the Mediterranean)..."
[edit]Islam
Main article: Lut
According to the tradition of Islam, the Dead Sea was near the land in which the Prophet Lut lived.[citation needed] The people in this area were considered wicked for their acts of homosexuality, robbery and murder, and by the command of Allah, Prophet Lut preached to his people to repent and turn to Allah. They arrogantly refused to leave their wicked ways and they continuously rejected the preachings of Lut, except for a very few. Every message that was brought to them, they flipped it to satisfy their own wicked selves. The People of Lut received many warnings to repent or be punish but they did not take any seriously. Finally Allah sent three angels as handsome young men to be guests of Prophet Lut, when the people heard of this they rushed to Lut's home. The people demanded that these young men be given to them as they wanted to perform these wicked acts with them. One of the angels, angel Jibrail, gave Lut the warning to leave the town with his band of believers and do not look back. The entire town and its people were lifted up by Jibrail's wing and flipped upside down and sent smashing down to earth, causing the ground to cave in. Thus, the lowest land on Earth was formed because of this punishment.[citation needed]
[edit]History
World's lowest (dry) point, Jordan, 1971
[edit]Second Temple period
Dwelling in caves near the Dead Sea is recorded in the Hebrew Bible as having taken place before the Israelites came to Canaan, and extensively at the time of King David. Various sects of Jews settled in caves overlooking the Dead Sea. The best known of these are the Essenes of Qumran, who left an extensive library known as the Dead Sea Scrolls.[19] The town of Ein Gedi, mentioned many times in the Mishna, produced persimmon for the temple's fragrance and for export, using a secret recipe. "Sodomite salt" was an essential mineral for the temple's holy incense, but was said to be dangerous for home use and could cause blindness.[20] The Roman camps surrounding Masada were built by Jewish slaves receiving water from the towns around the lake. These towns had drinking water from the Ein Feshcha springs and other sweetwater springs in the vicinity.[21]
[edit]Ancient Greek period
The Greeks knew the Dead Sea as "Lake Asphaltites", due to the naturally surfacing asphalt. Aristotle wrote about the remarkable waters. Later, the Nabateans discovered the value of bitumen extracted from the Dead Sea needed by the Egyptians for embalming their mummies.
[edit]Herodian period
King Herod the Great built or rebuilt several fortresses and palaces on the western bank of the Dead Sea. The most famous was Masada, where, in 70-73 CE, a small group of Jewish zealots held out against the might of the Roman legion, and Machaerus where, according to Josephus, John the Baptist was imprisoned by Herod Antipas and died.[22]
Also in Roman times, some Essenes settled on the Dead Sea's western shore; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words, "on the west side of the Dead Sea, away from the coast ... [above] the town of Engeda" (Natural History, Bk 5.73); and it is therefore a hugely popular but contested hypothesis today, that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that "the Dead Sea Scrolls" discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library.
Mount Sodom, Israel, showing the so-called "Lot's Wife" pillar made of halite like the rest of the mountain.
In the Bible, the Dead Sea is called the Salt Sea, the Sea of the Arabah, and the Eastern Sea. The designation “Dead Sea” is a modern name which never appears in the Bible. The Dead Sea basin is another part of the Great Rift Valley. It is here that the Upper Jordan River/Sea of Galilee/Lower Jordan River water system comes to an end. Intimately connected with the Judean wilderness to its northwest and west, the Dead Sea was a place of escape and refuge. The remoteness of the region attracted Greek Orthodox monks since the Byzantine era. Their monasteries, such as Saint George in Wadi Kelt and Mar Saba in the Judean Desert, are places of pilgrimage.
[edit]Modern times
Turkish trenches at the shores of the Dead Sea, World War I, 1917.
Explorers and scientists arrived in the area to analyze the minerals and research the unique climate. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, hundreds of religious documents dated between 150 BCE and 70 CE were found in caves near the ancient settlement of Qumran, about a mile inland from the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea (presently in the West Bank). They became known and famous as the Dead Sea Scrolls. A golf course named for Sodom and Gomorrah was built by the British at Kalia on the northern shore.
The world's lowest road, Highway 90, runs along the Israeli and West Bank shores of the Dead Sea at 393 m (1,289 ft) below sea level.
The first major hotels were built in nearby Arad, and since the 1960s at the Neve Zohar resort complex. On Jordanian side, three international franchises have opened seaside resort hotels near the King Hussein Bin Talal Convention Center along the eastern coast of the Dead Sea.[23]
[edit]Industry
View of salt evaporation pans on the Dead Sea, taken in 1989 from the Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-28). The southern half is separated from the northern half at what used to be the Lisan Peninsula because of the fall in level of the Dead Sea.
View of the mineral evaporation ponds almost 12 years later (STS-102). A northern and small southeastern extension were added and the large polygonal ponds subdivided.
In the early part of the 20th century, the Dead Sea began to attract interest from chemists who deduced the Sea was a natural deposit of potash and bromine. The Palestine Potash Company was chartered in 1929, after its founder, Siberian Jewish engineer and pioneer of Lake Baikal exploitation Moses Novomeysky, worked for the charter ex for over ten years. The first plant was on the north shore of the Dead Sea at Kalia and produced potash, or potassium chloride, by solar evaporation of the brine. Employing Arabs and Jews, it was an island of peace in turbulent times.[24] The company quickly grew into the largest industrial site in the Middle East,[citation needed] and in 1934 built a second plant on the southwest shore, in the Mount Sodom area, south of the 'Lashon' region of the Dead Sea. Palestine Potash Company supplied half of Britain's potash during World War II, but ultimately became a casualty of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Its remnants were nationalised and Dead Sea Works Ltd. was established in 1952 in its stead as a state-owned company to extract potash and other minerals from the Dead Sea.
From the Dead Sea brine, Israel produces (2001) 1.77 million tons potash, 206,000 tons elemental bromine, 44,900 tons caustic soda, 25,000 tons magnesium metal, and sodium chloride. On the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea, Arab Potash (APC), formed in 1956, produces 2.0 million tons of potash annually, as well as sodium chloride and bromine. Both companies use extensive salt evaporation pans that have essentially diked the entire southern end of the Dead Sea for the purpose of producing carnallite, potassium magnesium chloride, which is then processed further to produce potassium chloride. The ponds are separated by a central dike that runs—roughly north-south—along the international border. The power plant on the Israeli side allows production of magnesium metal (by a subsidiary, Dead Sea Magnesium Ltd.). The salt evaporation pans are visible from space.
Due to the popularity of the sea's therapeutic and healing properties, several companies have also shown interest in the manufacturing and supplying of Dead Sea salts as raw materials for body and skin care products.
[edit]Recession and environmental concerns
The dwindling water level of the dead sea
In recent decades, the Dead Sea has been rapidly shrinking because of diversion of incoming water from the Jordan River to the north. The southern end is fed by a canal maintained by the Dead Sea Works, a company that converts the sea's raw materials. From a depression of 395 m (1,296 ft) below sea level in 1970[25] it fell 22 m (72 ft) to 418 m (1,371 ft) below sea level in 2006, reaching a drop rate of 1 m (3 ft) per year. As the water level decreases, the characteristics of the Sea and surrounding region may substantially change.
The Dead Sea level drop has been followed by a groundwater level drop, causing brines that used to occupy underground layers near the shoreline to be flushed out by freshwater. This is believed to be the cause of the recent appearance of large sinkholes along the western shore — incoming freshwater dissolves salt layers, rapidly creating subsurface cavities that subsequently collapse to form these sinkholes.[26]
In May 2009 at the World Economic Forum, Jordan announced its plans to construct the "Jordan National Red Sea Development Project" (JRSP). This is a plan to convey seawater from the Red Sea near Aqaba to the Dead Sea. Water would be desalinated along the route to provide fresh water to Jordan, with the brine discharge sent to the Dead Sea for replenishment. As of 2009, the project is in its early phases of planning, with developer and financier selection to be completed by year's end. The project is anticipated to begin detailed design in early 2010, with water delivery by 2017. Israel has expressed its support and will likely benefit from some of the water delivery to its Negev region. Some hydro-power will be collected near the Dead Sea from the dramatic change in elevation on the downhill side of the project.[citation needed] In October 2009, the Jordanians announced accelerated plans to extract around 300 million cubic meters of water per year from the Red Sea, desalinate it for use as fresh water and send the waste water to the Dead Sea by tunnel, despite concerns about inadequate time to assess the potential environmental impact.[27]
At a regional conference in July 2009, officials expressed increased concerns that water levels are dropping. Some suggested various industrial activities around the Dead Sea might need to be reduced. Others advised a range of possible environmental measures to restore conditions. This might include increasing the volume of flow from the Jordan River to replenish the Dead Sea. Currently, only sewage and effluent from fish ponds run in the river's channel. Experts also asserted a need for strict conservation efforts. They also said agriculture should not be expanded, sustainable support capabilities should be incorporated into the area and pollution sources should be reduced.[28]
[edit]Gallery
Israeli highway beside the Dead Sea
Jordanian highway along the Dead Sea coast
Twisty coastline
Coastline (from Israel)
A rough Dead Sea, with salt deposits on cliffs
Dead Sea northern coast (Jordan)
Located in Jordan, this sign diagrams the topography of Jordan, the West Bank, Israel, and the Mediterranean Sea.
Dead Sea at dawn (from Sodom mountain, Israel)
Dead Sea at dusk (from Suwayma, Jordan)
Dead Sea at dusk (from Mövenpick Resort Dead Sea, Jordan)
A tourist demonstrates the unusual buoyancy caused by high salinity
Many people believe that the mud of the Dead Sea has special healing and cosmetic uses.
Sinkholes at Mineral Beach
Cobble encrusted with halite evaporated from the Dead Sea near Ein Gedi
Dead Sea from Masada
Line painted in 1900 (at top of image) by Robert A.S. Macalister of the Palestine Exploration Fund showing the level of the Dead Sea
The Dead Sea region
Dead Sea seen from Jordan
[edit]See also
Dead Sea Canal
Great Salt Lake
List of places on land with elevations below sea level
Two Seas Canal
World Discoveries III: Dead Sea
Benjamin Elazari Volcani
Dead Sea Works
A view from the Israeli side looking across to Jordan
Coordinates 31°20′N 35°30′ECoordinates: 31°20′N 35°30′E
Lake type endorheic
hypersaline
Primary inflows Jordan River
Primary outflows none
Catchment area 41,650 km2 (16,080 sq mi)
Basin countries Jordan
Israel
West Bank
Max. length 67 km (42 mi)
Max. width 18 km (11 mi)
Surface area 810 km2 (310 sq mi)
North Basin
Average depth 118 m (387 ft)[1]
Max. depth 377 m (1,237 ft)
Water volume 147 km3 (35 cu mi)
Shore length1 135 km (84 mi)
Surface elevation −423 m (−1,388 ft)[2]
References [1][2]
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.
Dead Sea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the Brian Keene book of the same name, see Dead Sea (novel).
Dead Sea
A view from the Israeli side looking across to Jordan
Coordinates 31°20′N 35°30′ECoordinates: 31°20′N 35°30′E
Lake type endorheic
hypersaline
Primary inflows Jordan River
Primary outflows none
Catchment area 41,650 km2 (16,080 sq mi)
Basin countries Jordan
Israel
West Bank
Max. length 67 km (42 mi)
Max. width 18 km (11 mi)
Surface area 810 km2 (310 sq mi)
North Basin
Average depth 118 m (387 ft)[1]
Max. depth 377 m (1,237 ft)
Water volume 147 km3 (35 cu mi)
Shore length1 135 km (84 mi)
Surface elevation −423 m (−1,388 ft)[2]
References [1][2]
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.
The Dead Sea (Arabic: البحر الميت al-Bahr al-Mayyit (help·info),[3] Hebrew: יָם הַמֶּלַח, Yām Ha-Melaḥ, "Sea of Salt"), also called the Salt Sea, is a salt lake bordering Jordan to the east and Israel and the West Bank to the west. Its surface and shores are 423 metres (1,388 ft) below sea level,[2] the lowest elevation on the Earth's surface on dry land. The Dead Sea is 377 m (1,237 ft) deep, the deepest hypersaline lake in the world. With 33.7% salinity, it is also one of the world's saltiest bodies of water, though Lake Assal (Djibouti), Garabogazköl and some hypersaline lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica (such as Don Juan Pond) have reported higher salinities. It is 8.6 times saltier than the ocean.[4] This salinity makes for a harsh environment in which animals cannot flourish, hence its name. The Dead Sea is 67 kilometres (42 mi) long and 18 kilometres (11 mi) wide at its widest point. It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.
The Dead Sea has attracted visitors from around the Mediterranean basin for thousands of years. Biblically, it was a place of refuge for King David. It was one of the world's first health resorts (for Herod the Great), and it has been the supplier of a wide variety of products, from balms for Egyptian mummification to potash for fertilizers. People also use the salt and the minerals from the Dead Sea to create cosmetics and herbal sachets. In 2009, 1.2 million foreign tourists visited on the Israeli side.[citation needed]
The sea has a density of 1.24 kg/L,[citation needed] which makes swimming similar to floating.[5]
Contents [hide]
1 Etymology and toponymy
2 Geography
3 Natural history
4 Climate
5 Chemistry
6 Health effects and therapies
7 Fauna and flora
8 Human settlement
9 In religious accounts
9.1 Hebrew bible
9.2 Islam
10 History
10.1 Second Temple period
10.2 Ancient Greek period
10.3 Herodian period
10.4 Modern times
11 Industry
12 Recession and environmental concerns
13 Gallery
14 See also
15 References
16 Further reading
17 External links
[edit]Etymology and toponymy
In Hebrew, the Dead Sea is Yām ha-Melaḥ (help·info), meaning "sea of salt" (Genesis 14,3). In prose sometimes the term Yām ha-Māvet (ים המוות, "sea of death") is used. In Arabic the Dead Sea is called al-Bahr al-Mayyit[3] (help·info) ("the Dead Sea"), or less commonly baḥrᵘ lūṭᵃ (بحر لوط, "the Sea of Lot"). Another historic name in Arabic was the "Sea of Zoʼar", after a nearby town in biblical times. The Greeks called it Lake Asphaltites (Attic Greek ἡ Θάλαττα ἀσφαλτῖτης, hē Thálatta asphaltĩtēs, "the Asphaltite[6] sea"). The Bible also refers to it as Yām ha-Mizraḥî (ים המזרחי, "the Eastern sea") and Yām ha-‘Ărāvâ (ים הערבה, "Sea of the Arabah").
[edit]Geography
Satellite photograph showing the location of the Dead Sea
The Dead Sea is an endorheic lake located in the Jordan Rift Valley, a geographic feature formed by the Dead Sea Transform (DST). This left lateral-moving transform fault lies along the tectonic plate boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate. It runs between the East Anatolian Fault zone in Turkey and the northern end of the Red Sea Rift offshore of the southern tip of Sinai.
The Jordan River is the only major water source flowing into the Dead Sea, although there are small perennial springs under and around the Dead Sea, creating pools and quicksand pits along the edges.[7] There are no outlet streams.
Rainfall is scarcely 100 mm (4 in) per year in the northern part of the Dead Sea and barely 50 mm (2 in) in the southern part. The Dead Sea zone's aridity is due to the rainshadow effect of the Judean Hills. The highlands east of the Dead Sea receive more rainfall than the Dead Sea itself.
To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judean Hills rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the east. Along the southwestern side of the lake is a 210 m (700 ft) tall halite formation called "Mount Sodom".
[edit]Natural history
Near Ein Gedi, salt builds up along the shores of the Dead Sea.
There are two contending hypotheses about the origin of the low elevation of the Dead Sea. The older hypothesis is that it lies in a true rift zone, an extension of the Red Sea Rift, or even of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa. A more recent hypothesis is that the Dead Sea basin is a consequence of a "step-over" discontinuity along the Dead Sea Transform, creating an extension of the crust with consequent subsidence.
Around three million years ago[citation needed], what is now the valley of the Jordan River, Dead Sea, and Wadi Arabah was repeatedly inundated by waters from the Mediterranean Sea. The waters formed in a narrow, crooked bay which was connected to the sea through what is now the Jezreel Valley. The floods of the valley came and went depending on long scale climate change. The lake that occupied the Dead Sea Rift, named "Lake Sodom", deposited beds of salt that eventually became 3 km (2 mi) thick.
Approximately two million years ago[citation needed], the land between the Rift Valley and the Mediterranean Sea rose to such an extent that the ocean could no longer flood the area. Thus, the long bay became a lake.
The first such prehistoric lake is named "Lake Gomorrah." Lake Gomorrah was a freshwater or brackish lake that extended at least 80 km (50 mi) south of the current southern end of the Dead Sea and 100 km (60 mi) north, well above the present Hula Depression. As the climate became more arid, Lake Gomorrah shrank and became saltier. The large, saltwater predecessor of the Dead Sea is called "Lake Lisan."
Pebbles cemented with halite on the western shore of the Dead Sea near Ein Gedi.
In prehistoric times, great amounts of sediment collected on the floor of Lake Gomorrah. The sediment was heavier than the salt deposits and squeezed the salt deposits upwards into what are now the Lisan Peninsula and Mount Sodom (on the southwest side of the lake). Geologists explain the effect in terms of a bucket of mud into which a large flat stone is placed, forcing the mud to creep up the sides of the pail. When the floor of the Dead Sea dropped further due to tectonic forces, the salt mounts of Lisan and Mount Sodom stayed in place as high cliffs. (see salt domes)
From 70,000 to 12,000 years ago, the lake level was 100 m (330 ft) to 250 m (820 ft) higher than its current level. This lake, called "Lake Lisan", fluctuated dramatically, rising to its highest level around 26,000 years ago, indicating a very wet climate in the Near East.[8] Around 10,000 years ago , the lake level dropped dramatically, probably to levels even lower than today. During the last several thousand years, the lake has fluctuated approximately 400 m (1,300 ft), with some significant drops and rises. Current theories as to the cause of this dramatic drop in levels rule out volcanic activity; therefore, it may have been a seismic event.
[edit]Climate
The Dead Sea's climate offers year-round sunny skies and dry air. It has less than 50 millimetres (2 in) mean annual rainfall and a summer average temperature between 32 and 39 °C (90 and 102 °F). Winter average temperatures range between 20 and 23 °C (68 and 73 °F). The region has weakened ultraviolet radiation, particularly the UVB (erythrogenic rays), and an atmosphere characterized by a high oxygen content due to the high barometric pressure.[9] The sea affects temperatures nearby because of the moderating effect a large body of water has on climate. During the winter, sea temperatures tend to be higher than land temperatures, and vice versa during the summer months. This is the result of the water's mass and specific heat capacity. On average, there are 192 days above 30C (86F) annually [10].
[hide]Climate data for Dead Sea
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 26.4
(79.5) 30.4
(86.7) 33.8
(92.8) 42.5
(108.5) 45.0
(113) 46.4
(115.5) 47.0
(116.6) 44.5
(112.1) 43.6
(110.5) 40.0
(104) 35.0
(95) 28.5
(83.3) 47.0
(116.6)
Average high °C (°F) 20.5
(68.9) 21.7
(71.1) 24.8
(76.6) 29.9
(85.8) 34.1
(93.4) 37.6
(99.7) 39.7
(103.5) 39.0
(102.2) 36.5
(97.7) 32.4
(90.3) 26.9
(80.4) 21.7
(71.1) 30.4
(86.7)
Average low °C (°F) 12.7
(54.9) 13.7
(56.7) 16.7
(62.1) 20.9
(69.6) 24.7
(76.5) 27.6
(81.7) 29.6
(85.3) 29.9
(85.8) 28.3
(82.9) 24.7
(76.5) 19.3
(66.7) 14.1
(57.4) 21.9
(71.4)
Record low °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7) 6.0
(42.8) 8.0
(46.4) 11.5
(52.7) 19.0
(66.2) 23.0
(73.4) 26.0
(78.8) 26.8
(80.2) 24.2
(75.6) 17.0
(62.6) 9.8
(49.6) 6.0
(42.8) 5.4
(41.7)
Precipitation mm (inches) 7.8
(0.307) 9.0
(0.354) 7.6
(0.299) 4.3
(0.169) 0.2
(0.008) 0.0
(0) 0.0
(0) 0.0
(0) 0.0
(0) 1.2
(0.047) 3.5
(0.138) 8.3
(0.327) 41.9
(1.65)
% Humidity 41 38 33 27 24 23 24 27 31 33 36 41 31.5
Avg. precipitation days 3.3 3.5 2.5 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.6 2.8 15.6
Source: Israel Meteorological Service[11]
[edit]Chemistry
Until the winter of 1978-79, when a major mixing event took place,[12] the Dead Sea was composed of two stratified layers of water that differed in temperature, density, age, and salinity. The topmost 35 metres (115 ft) or so of the Dead Sea had a salinity that ranged between 300 and 400 parts per thousand and a temperature that swung between 19 °C (66 °F) and 37 °C (99 °F). Underneath a zone of transition, the lowest level of the Dead Sea had waters of a consistent 22 °C (72 °F) temperature and complete saturation of sodium chloride (NaCl).[citation needed] Since the water near the bottom is saturated, the salt precipitates out of solution onto the sea floor.
Beginning in the 1960s, water inflow to the Dead Sea from the Jordan River was reduced as a result of large-scale irrigation and generally low rainfall. By 1975, the upper water layer of the Dead Sea was saltier than the lower layer. Nevertheless, the upper layer remained suspended above the lower layer because its waters were warmer and thus less dense. When the upper layer finally cooled down so its density was greater than the lower layer, the waters of the Dead Sea mixed (1978–79). For the first time in centuries, the lake was a homogeneous body of water. Since then, stratification has begun to redevelop.[12]
The mineral content of the Dead Sea is very different from that of ocean water. The exact composition of the Dead Sea water varies mainly with season, depth and temperature. In the early 1980s, the concentration of ionic species (in g/kg) of Dead Sea surface water was Cl− (181.4), Br− (4.2), SO42− (0.4), HCO3− (0.2), Ca2+ (14.1), Na+ (32.5), K+ (6.2) and Mg2+ (35.2). The total salinity was 276 g/kg.[13] These results show that the composition of the salt, as anhydrous chlorides on a weight percentage basis, was calcium chloride (CaCl2) 14.4%, potassium chloride (KCl) 4.4%, magnesium chloride (MgCl2) 50.8% and sodium chloride (common salt, NaCl) 30.4%. In comparison, the salt in the water of most oceans and seas is approximately 97% sodium chloride. The concentration of sulfate ions (SO42−) is very low, and the concentration of bromide ions (Br−) is the highest of all waters on Earth. The sea itself is abundant in minerals acclaimed to have therapeutic value.[citation needed]
The salt concentration of the Dead Sea fluctuates around 31.5%. This is unusually high and results in a nominal density of 1.24 kg/l. Anyone can easily float in the Dead Sea because of natural buoyancy. In this respect the Dead Sea is similar to the Great Salt Lake in Utah in the United States.
An unusual feature of the Dead Sea is its discharge of asphalt. From deep seeps, the Dead Sea constantly spits up small pebbles and blocks of the black substance.[14] Asphalt coated figurines and bitumen coated Neolithic skulls from archaeological sites have been found. Egyptian mummification processes used asphalt imported from the Dead Sea region.[15][16]
[edit]Health effects and therapies
The Dead Sea area has become a major center for health research and treatment for several reasons. The mineral content of the water, the very low content of pollens and other allergens in the atmosphere, the reduced ultraviolet component of solar radiation, and the higher atmospheric pressure at this great depth each have specific health effects. For example, persons suffering reduced respiratory function from diseases such as cystic fibrosis seem to benefit from the increased atmospheric pressure.[17]
Sufferers of the skin disorder psoriasis also benefit from the ability to sunbathe for long periods in the area due to its position below sea level and subsequent result that many of the sun's harmful UV rays are reduced.[18]
Thus, the region's climate and low elevation have made it a popular center for several types of therapies:
Climatotherapy: Treatment which exploits local climatic features such as temperature, humidity, sunshine, barometric pressure and special atmospheric constituents
Heliotherapy: Treatment that exploits the biological effects of the sun's radiation
Thalassotherapy: Treatment that exploits bathing in Dead Sea water
Panorama of the Dead Sea from the Mövenpick Resort, Jordan.
[edit]Fauna and flora
Dead Sea in the morning, seen from Masada
The sea is called "dead" because its high salinity prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms, such as fish and aquatic plants, from living in it, though minuscule quantities of bacteria and microbial fungi are present.
In times of flood, the salt content of the Dead Sea can drop from its usual 35% salinity to 30% or lower. The Dead Sea temporarily comes to life in the wake of rainy winters. In 1980, after one such rainy winter, the normally dark blue Dead Sea turned red. Researchers from Hebrew University found the Dead Sea to be teeming with a type of algae called Dunaliella. The Dunaliella in turn nourished carotenoid-containing (red-pigmented) halobacteria, whose presence caused the color change. Since 1980, the Dead Sea basin has been dry and the algae and the bacteria have not returned in measurable numbers.
Many animal species live in the mountains surrounding the Dead Sea. Hikers can see camels, ibex, hares, hyraxes, jackals, foxes, and even leopards. Hundreds of bird species inhabit the zone as well. Both Jordan and Israel have established nature reserves around the Dead Sea.
The delta of the Jordan River was formerly a veritable jungle of papyrus and palm trees. Flavius Josephus described Jericho as "the most fertile spot in Judea". In Roman and Byzantine times, sugarcane, henna, and sycamore fig all made the lower Jordan valley quite wealthy. One of the most valuable products produced by Jericho was the sap of the balsam tree, which could be made into perfume. However, by the 19th century, Jericho's fertility had disappeared.
[edit]Human settlement
There are several small communities near the Dead Sea. These include Ein Gedi, Neve Zohar and the Israeli settlements in the Megilot Regional Council: Kalya, Mitzpe Shalem and Avnat. There is a nature preserve at Ein Gedi, and several Dead Sea hotels are located on the southwest end at Ein Bokek near Neve Zohar. Highway 90 runs north-south on the Israeli side for a total distance of 565 km from Metula on the Lebanese border in the north to its southern terminus at the Egyptian border near the Red Sea port of Eilat.
Potash City is a small community on the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea. Highway 65 runs north-south on the Jordanian side.
[edit]In religious accounts
[edit]Hebrew bible
Just north of the Dead Sea is Jericho. Somewhere, perhaps on the southeast shore, would be the cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis which were said to have been destroyed in the time of Abraham: Sodom and Gomorra (Genesis 18) and the three other "Cities of the Plain" - Admah, Zeboim and Zoar (Deuteronomy 29:23). Zoar escaped destruction when Abraham's nephew Lot escaped to Zoar from Sodom (Genesis 19:21-22). Before the destruction, the Dead Sea was a valley full of natural tar pits, which was called the vale of Siddim. King David was said to have hidden from Saul at Ein Gedi nearby.
In Ezekiel 47:8-9 there is a specific prophecy that the sea will ".. be healed and made fresh", becoming a normal lake capable of supporting marine life. A similar prophecy is stated in Zechariah 14:8, which says that "Living waters will go out from Jerusalem, half of them to the eastern sea (likely the Dead Sea) and half to the western sea (the Mediterranean)..."
[edit]Islam
Main article: Lut
According to the tradition of Islam, the Dead Sea was near the land in which the Prophet Lut lived.[citation needed] The people in this area were considered wicked for their acts of homosexuality, robbery and murder, and by the command of Allah, Prophet Lut preached to his people to repent and turn to Allah. They arrogantly refused to leave their wicked ways and they continuously rejected the preachings of Lut, except for a very few. Every message that was brought to them, they flipped it to satisfy their own wicked selves. The People of Lut received many warnings to repent or be punish but they did not take any seriously. Finally Allah sent three angels as handsome young men to be guests of Prophet Lut, when the people heard of this they rushed to Lut's home. The people demanded that these young men be given to them as they wanted to perform these wicked acts with them. One of the angels, angel Jibrail, gave Lut the warning to leave the town with his band of believers and do not look back. The entire town and its people were lifted up by Jibrail's wing and flipped upside down and sent smashing down to earth, causing the ground to cave in. Thus, the lowest land on Earth was formed because of this punishment.[citation needed]
[edit]History
World's lowest (dry) point, Jordan, 1971
[edit]Second Temple period
Dwelling in caves near the Dead Sea is recorded in the Hebrew Bible as having taken place before the Israelites came to Canaan, and extensively at the time of King David. Various sects of Jews settled in caves overlooking the Dead Sea. The best known of these are the Essenes of Qumran, who left an extensive library known as the Dead Sea Scrolls.[19] The town of Ein Gedi, mentioned many times in the Mishna, produced persimmon for the temple's fragrance and for export, using a secret recipe. "Sodomite salt" was an essential mineral for the temple's holy incense, but was said to be dangerous for home use and could cause blindness.[20] The Roman camps surrounding Masada were built by Jewish slaves receiving water from the towns around the lake. These towns had drinking water from the Ein Feshcha springs and other sweetwater springs in the vicinity.[21]
[edit]Ancient Greek period
The Greeks knew the Dead Sea as "Lake Asphaltites", due to the naturally surfacing asphalt. Aristotle wrote about the remarkable waters. Later, the Nabateans discovered the value of bitumen extracted from the Dead Sea needed by the Egyptians for embalming their mummies.
[edit]Herodian period
King Herod the Great built or rebuilt several fortresses and palaces on the western bank of the Dead Sea. The most famous was Masada, where, in 70-73 CE, a small group of Jewish zealots held out against the might of the Roman legion, and Machaerus where, according to Josephus, John the Baptist was imprisoned by Herod Antipas and died.[22]
Also in Roman times, some Essenes settled on the Dead Sea's western shore; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words, "on the west side of the Dead Sea, away from the coast ... [above] the town of Engeda" (Natural History, Bk 5.73); and it is therefore a hugely popular but contested hypothesis today, that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that "the Dead Sea Scrolls" discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library.
Mount Sodom, Israel, showing the so-called "Lot's Wife" pillar made of halite like the rest of the mountain.
In the Bible, the Dead Sea is called the Salt Sea, the Sea of the Arabah, and the Eastern Sea. The designation “Dead Sea” is a modern name which never appears in the Bible. The Dead Sea basin is another part of the Great Rift Valley. It is here that the Upper Jordan River/Sea of Galilee/Lower Jordan River water system comes to an end. Intimately connected with the Judean wilderness to its northwest and west, the Dead Sea was a place of escape and refuge. The remoteness of the region attracted Greek Orthodox monks since the Byzantine era. Their monasteries, such as Saint George in Wadi Kelt and Mar Saba in the Judean Desert, are places of pilgrimage.
[edit]Modern times
Turkish trenches at the shores of the Dead Sea, World War I, 1917.
Explorers and scientists arrived in the area to analyze the minerals and research the unique climate. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, hundreds of religious documents dated between 150 BCE and 70 CE were found in caves near the ancient settlement of Qumran, about a mile inland from the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea (presently in the West Bank). They became known and famous as the Dead Sea Scrolls. A golf course named for Sodom and Gomorrah was built by the British at Kalia on the northern shore.
The world's lowest road, Highway 90, runs along the Israeli and West Bank shores of the Dead Sea at 393 m (1,289 ft) below sea level.
The first major hotels were built in nearby Arad, and since the 1960s at the Neve Zohar resort complex. On Jordanian side, three international franchises have opened seaside resort hotels near the King Hussein Bin Talal Convention Center along the eastern coast of the Dead Sea.[23]
[edit]Industry
View of salt evaporation pans on the Dead Sea, taken in 1989 from the Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-28). The southern half is separated from the northern half at what used to be the Lisan Peninsula because of the fall in level of the Dead Sea.
View of the mineral evaporation ponds almost 12 years later (STS-102). A northern and small southeastern extension were added and the large polygonal ponds subdivided.
In the early part of the 20th century, the Dead Sea began to attract interest from chemists who deduced the Sea was a natural deposit of potash and bromine. The Palestine Potash Company was chartered in 1929, after its founder, Siberian Jewish engineer and pioneer of Lake Baikal exploitation Moses Novomeysky, worked for the charter ex for over ten years. The first plant was on the north shore of the Dead Sea at Kalia and produced potash, or potassium chloride, by solar evaporation of the brine. Employing Arabs and Jews, it was an island of peace in turbulent times.[24] The company quickly grew into the largest industrial site in the Middle East,[citation needed] and in 1934 built a second plant on the southwest shore, in the Mount Sodom area, south of the 'Lashon' region of the Dead Sea. Palestine Potash Company supplied half of Britain's potash during World War II, but ultimately became a casualty of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Its remnants were nationalised and Dead Sea Works Ltd. was established in 1952 in its stead as a state-owned company to extract potash and other minerals from the Dead Sea.
From the Dead Sea brine, Israel produces (2001) 1.77 million tons potash, 206,000 tons elemental bromine, 44,900 tons caustic soda, 25,000 tons magnesium metal, and sodium chloride. On the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea, Arab Potash (APC), formed in 1956, produces 2.0 million tons of potash annually, as well as sodium chloride and bromine. Both companies use extensive salt evaporation pans that have essentially diked the entire southern end of the Dead Sea for the purpose of producing carnallite, potassium magnesium chloride, which is then processed further to produce potassium chloride. The ponds are separated by a central dike that runs—roughly north-south—along the international border. The power plant on the Israeli side allows production of magnesium metal (by a subsidiary, Dead Sea Magnesium Ltd.). The salt evaporation pans are visible from space.
Due to the popularity of the sea's therapeutic and healing properties, several companies have also shown interest in the manufacturing and supplying of Dead Sea salts as raw materials for body and skin care products.
[edit]Recession and environmental concerns
The dwindling water level of the dead sea
In recent decades, the Dead Sea has been rapidly shrinking because of diversion of incoming water from the Jordan River to the north. The southern end is fed by a canal maintained by the Dead Sea Works, a company that converts the sea's raw materials. From a depression of 395 m (1,296 ft) below sea level in 1970[25] it fell 22 m (72 ft) to 418 m (1,371 ft) below sea level in 2006, reaching a drop rate of 1 m (3 ft) per year. As the water level decreases, the characteristics of the Sea and surrounding region may substantially change.
The Dead Sea level drop has been followed by a groundwater level drop, causing brines that used to occupy underground layers near the shoreline to be flushed out by freshwater. This is believed to be the cause of the recent appearance of large sinkholes along the western shore — incoming freshwater dissolves salt layers, rapidly creating subsurface cavities that subsequently collapse to form these sinkholes.[26]
In May 2009 at the World Economic Forum, Jordan announced its plans to construct the "Jordan National Red Sea Development Project" (JRSP). This is a plan to convey seawater from the Red Sea near Aqaba to the Dead Sea. Water would be desalinated along the route to provide fresh water to Jordan, with the brine discharge sent to the Dead Sea for replenishment. As of 2009, the project is in its early phases of planning, with developer and financier selection to be completed by year's end. The project is anticipated to begin detailed design in early 2010, with water delivery by 2017. Israel has expressed its support and will likely benefit from some of the water delivery to its Negev region. Some hydro-power will be collected near the Dead Sea from the dramatic change in elevation on the downhill side of the project.[citation needed] In October 2009, the Jordanians announced accelerated plans to extract around 300 million cubic meters of water per year from the Red Sea, desalinate it for use as fresh water and send the waste water to the Dead Sea by tunnel, despite concerns about inadequate time to assess the potential environmental impact.[27]
At a regional conference in July 2009, officials expressed increased concerns that water levels are dropping. Some suggested various industrial activities around the Dead Sea might need to be reduced. Others advised a range of possible environmental measures to restore conditions. This might include increasing the volume of flow from the Jordan River to replenish the Dead Sea. Currently, only sewage and effluent from fish ponds run in the river's channel. Experts also asserted a need for strict conservation efforts. They also said agriculture should not be expanded, sustainable support capabilities should be incorporated into the area and pollution sources should be reduced.[28]
[edit]Gallery
Israeli highway beside the Dead Sea
Jordanian highway along the Dead Sea coast
Twisty coastline
Coastline (from Israel)
A rough Dead Sea, with salt deposits on cliffs
Dead Sea northern coast (Jordan)
Located in Jordan, this sign diagrams the topography of Jordan, the West Bank, Israel, and the Mediterranean Sea.
Dead Sea at dawn (from Sodom mountain, Israel)
Dead Sea at dusk (from Suwayma, Jordan)
Dead Sea at dusk (from Mövenpick Resort Dead Sea, Jordan)
A tourist demonstrates the unusual buoyancy caused by high salinity
Many people believe that the mud of the Dead Sea has special healing and cosmetic uses.
Sinkholes at Mineral Beach
Cobble encrusted with halite evaporated from the Dead Sea near Ein Gedi
Dead Sea from Masada
Line painted in 1900 (at top of image) by Robert A.S. Macalister of the Palestine Exploration Fund showing the level of the Dead Sea
The Dead Sea region
Dead Sea seen from Jordan
[edit]See also
Dead Sea Canal
Great Salt Lake
List of places on land with elevations below sea level
Two Seas Canal
World Discoveries III: Dead Sea
Benjamin Elazari Volcani
Dead Sea Works
Friday, 24 June 2011
MELIHAT CERITA SERAM ( KARAK )
Kami beramai-ramai meliat cerita yang di katakan seram.....Ala.....control berani lah tu.....macam banar......masa di gambar biasalah posing " KURA-KURA DALAM PERAHU,PURA-PURA TIDAK TAHU"semasa di gambar........Semasa tengah melihat...rupanya2 ada yang hilang machonya...ha.ha.ha...inda pecaya...???..
CHEK....JUMPA ANAK SAYA YER CHEKKKKKK..........
Anilah kesanya kalau luan menghayati cerita atu....HAAAAAAAAA....HANTUUUUU....
Saturday, 18 June 2011
Jangan mengutuk sesama Islam
TENTANG MENGUTUK ORANG MUSLIM
(Dipetik dari Al-Kabair karya Syamsuddin Adz-Dzahabi, terjemahan M. Ladzi Safrony, BA ke dalam buku 75 Dosa Besar terbitan Media Idaman, Surabaya)
Yang dimaksudkan dengan mengutuk ialah mendoakan orang lain agar mendapat kecelakaan. Mengutuk ini adalah satu perbuatan yang terlarang kita lakukan sesama muslim. Sebagaimana yang ditegaskan oleh Rasulullah SAW. di dalam hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Al-Bukhari dan Muslim dari Ibnu Mas'ud: (artinya) " Mencaci orang Islam itu termasuk fasik dan membunuhnya termasuk kafir."
Rasulullah SAW. bersabda: (artinya) "Mengutuk seorang mukmin itu seperti membunuhnya." [HR Jamaah selain Ibnu Majah, hadis riwayat Tsabit bin Adl-Dlahak]
Nabi SAW. bersabda: (artinya) " Sesungguhnya seorang hamba bila melaknat seseorang
nescaya laknat itu akan naik ke langit kemudian menutup pintu pintu langit di bawahnya, lalu turun ke bumi menutup pintu pintu yang lain, kemudian mengambil tangan kanan di tangan kirinya, apabila tidak memenuhi sasarannya, ia kembali kepada
orang yang dilaknat dan jika tidak bisa ia akan kembali kepada orang yang melaknatnya." [ HR Abu Daud]
Rasulullah SAW. bersabda:(artinya) " Tidaklah para pelaknat itu dapat jadi penolong dan saksi di hari kiamat." [ HR Muslim dan Abu Daud]
Rasulullah SAW. bersabda: (artinya) " Tidak patut seorang teman baik, mengutuk (temannya)" [HR Muslim dari Abu Hurairah]
Di dalam hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Muslim, Rasulullah SAW. bersabda: (artinya) " Seorang mukmin bukanlah orang yang suka mencerca, bukan yang suka menjuluki, bukan yang suka berbuat keji, dan bukan juga orang yang suka bercakap keji."
Dari hadis hadis tersebut di atas telah diterangkan bahawa mengutuk orang mukmin itu termasuk perbuatan yang berdosa, kerana kutukan dan laknat itu menjadi hak dan wewenang ALLAH SWT sahaja, dalam menghukum setiap hambanya. Sehingga kita dilarang mengutuk kerana kegunaan kutukan itu mengharapkan supaya ALLAH SWT. mencabut semua ni'mat yang telah diberikan kepada hamba tersebut baik ni'mat zahir maupun ni'mat batin, supaya dia (orang yang dilaknat) tidak memperoleh ni'mat dan anugerahNya. Oleh kerana itu Rasulullah SAW. melarang perbuatan itu, bahkan menganjurkan sebaliknya iaitu supaya saling mendoakan sesama muslim agar mendapat ni'mat dan kurnia dari ALLAH SWT.
(Dipetik dari Al-Kabair karya Syamsuddin Adz-Dzahabi, terjemahan M. Ladzi Safrony, BA ke dalam buku 75 Dosa Besar terbitan Media Idaman, Surabaya)
Yang dimaksudkan dengan mengutuk ialah mendoakan orang lain agar mendapat kecelakaan. Mengutuk ini adalah satu perbuatan yang terlarang kita lakukan sesama muslim. Sebagaimana yang ditegaskan oleh Rasulullah SAW. di dalam hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Al-Bukhari dan Muslim dari Ibnu Mas'ud: (artinya) " Mencaci orang Islam itu termasuk fasik dan membunuhnya termasuk kafir."
Rasulullah SAW. bersabda: (artinya) "Mengutuk seorang mukmin itu seperti membunuhnya." [HR Jamaah selain Ibnu Majah, hadis riwayat Tsabit bin Adl-Dlahak]
Nabi SAW. bersabda: (artinya) " Sesungguhnya seorang hamba bila melaknat seseorang
nescaya laknat itu akan naik ke langit kemudian menutup pintu pintu langit di bawahnya, lalu turun ke bumi menutup pintu pintu yang lain, kemudian mengambil tangan kanan di tangan kirinya, apabila tidak memenuhi sasarannya, ia kembali kepada
orang yang dilaknat dan jika tidak bisa ia akan kembali kepada orang yang melaknatnya." [ HR Abu Daud]
Rasulullah SAW. bersabda:(artinya) " Tidaklah para pelaknat itu dapat jadi penolong dan saksi di hari kiamat." [ HR Muslim dan Abu Daud]
Rasulullah SAW. bersabda: (artinya) " Tidak patut seorang teman baik, mengutuk (temannya)" [HR Muslim dari Abu Hurairah]
Di dalam hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Muslim, Rasulullah SAW. bersabda: (artinya) " Seorang mukmin bukanlah orang yang suka mencerca, bukan yang suka menjuluki, bukan yang suka berbuat keji, dan bukan juga orang yang suka bercakap keji."
Dari hadis hadis tersebut di atas telah diterangkan bahawa mengutuk orang mukmin itu termasuk perbuatan yang berdosa, kerana kutukan dan laknat itu menjadi hak dan wewenang ALLAH SWT sahaja, dalam menghukum setiap hambanya. Sehingga kita dilarang mengutuk kerana kegunaan kutukan itu mengharapkan supaya ALLAH SWT. mencabut semua ni'mat yang telah diberikan kepada hamba tersebut baik ni'mat zahir maupun ni'mat batin, supaya dia (orang yang dilaknat) tidak memperoleh ni'mat dan anugerahNya. Oleh kerana itu Rasulullah SAW. melarang perbuatan itu, bahkan menganjurkan sebaliknya iaitu supaya saling mendoakan sesama muslim agar mendapat ni'mat dan kurnia dari ALLAH SWT.
Aqidah & pegangan kaum yahudi
Sebenarnya kita agak kurang didedahkan akan pegangan dan akidah orang yahudi laknatullah ini. Mengapa sampai begitu tidak berperikemanusiaan langsung dalam diri mereka dengan apa yang mereka lakukan pada umat Islam di Palestin. Keadaan di sana sebenarnya lebih buruk dan kejam berbanding dengan apa yang kita dapat maklumat dan saksikan di kaca televiseyen mahupun media cetak. Saudara-saudara kita di sana sebenarnya dilayan umpama binatang yang langsung tidak bernilai pada pandangan mata puak kufar ini. Info yang penulis dapat dinyatakan sebenarnya ada sesetengah saudara-saudara kita di sana dibakar dan disembelih dengan kejam. Hasil itu semua berdasarkan gambar yang diedarkan melalui email. Untuk penulis paparkan di sini sikit kesukaran kerana gambar dalam bentuk slide powerpoint yang dah di convert.Sepertimana yang kita tahu bangsa yahudi ini juga menganut agama samawi yakni agama wahyu yang diturunkan Allah ke muka bumi. Mereka juga sebenarnya kaum yang paling ramai Nabi Allah utuskan pada mereka tapi mereka ingkar sehingga Nabi juga mereka bunuh. Semua termaktub dalam Al-Quran dan sirah telah menceritakan semua ini sebagai panduan kita agar jangan ambil iktibar dengan apa yang telah dilakukan oleh mereka ini akan agama Allah yang diturunkan pada mereka. Berkaitan dengan agama yahudi ini, penulis bukanlah orang yang ahli untuk dinyatakan dan dihujjahkan di sini. Tetapi ingin berkongsi info yang rasa wajar kita ketahui apa isi kandungan kitab rujukan mereka dan akidah mereka sampai langsung tidak berperikebinatangan boleh kita katakan terutama kepada umat Islam di Palestin. Bila mengenangkan akan isu ini, terlintas di hati penulis akan kewajaran juga pemusnahan etnik yahudi oleh Hitler yang kita kenali sebagai tragedy holocaust. Kadang terlintas di hati memang patut mereka dilayan sebegitu rupa, walaupun bukan kita menyokong apa yang dilakukan oleh Hitler itu betul caranya tapi dengan apa yang mereka lakukan ini memang patut mereka dilayan sebegitu. Kita membenci yahudi ini bukan kerana agama mereka mahupun atas tiket bangsa yahudi itu. Kita memusuhi mereka atas tiket zionis kerana ideologi zionis antarabangsa kini sememangnya kerana kekejaman mereka yang amat keterlaluan terutama kepada umat Islam khususnya. Tapi bukan semua penganut yahudi ini berpegangan sedemikian kerana ada juga segelintir rabai-rabai mereka yang menentang apa yang sedang berlaku ini seperti golongan ortodoks, tetapi mereka ini minoriti sahaja.
Bagi orang Islam kitab rujukan utama adalah Al-Quranul Karim yang kita ambil sebagai panduan dan perlembagaan hidup. Manakala bagu kaum yahudi, kitab panduan mereka ini dinamakan Talmud. Dikatakan yang diturunkan kepada Nabi Musa dan diseleweng oleh rabai-rabai mereka, padahal sama juga seperti Injil yang diturunkan kepada Nabi Isa tetapi telah diseleweng oleh paderi-paderi mereka. Bagi kaum yahudi mereka merupakan kaum pilihan yang dipilih oleh Allah. Manakala kaum yang lain sebenarnya umpama binatang yang tak berharga bagi mereka. Bukan sahaja Islam, tapi juga bangsa yang lain selain yahudi semuanya sama. Inilah pegangan dn akidah kaum yahudi. Antara isi kandungan kitab Talmud ini yang penulis ingat pernah diperkatakan, “Mereka (kaum yahudi) bertanya kepada Tuhan mengapa diciptakan kaum yang lain selain mereka. Maka dijawab Tuhan, mereka diciptakan agar kamu naik atas mereka dan kamu patah riuk tengkuk mereka dan hirup darah mereka dan daging mereka kerana mereka itu halal bagimu diperlakukan.” – begitulah yang penulis ingat-ingat lupa isi kandungan yang mungkin penulis tambah-tambah ikut selera kata penulis sendiri. Tapi isinya agak sama. Di bawah pula isi antara surah-surah boleh kita katakana isi kandungan kitab Talmud dan juga kitab-kitab suci lain yang mereka jadikan panduan.
“Hanya orang-orang Yahudi yang manusia, sedangkan orang-orang non Yahudi bukanlah manusia, melainkan binatang.” (Kerithuth 6b hal.78, Jebhammoth 61a)
“Orang-orang non-Yahudi diciptakan sebagai budak untuk melayani orang-orang Yahudi.” (Midrasch Talpioth 225)
“Angka kelahiran orang-orang non-Yahudi harus ditekan sekecil mungkin.” (Zohar II, 4b)
“Orang-orang non-Yahudi harus dijauhi, bahkan lebih daripada babi yang sakit.” (Orach Chaiim 57, 6a)
“Tuhan (Yahweh) tidak pernah marah kepada orang-orang Yahudi, melainkan hanya (marah) kepada orang-orang non-Yahudi.” (Talmud IV/8/4a)
“Di mana saja mereka (orang-orang Yahudi) datang, mereka akan menjadi pangeran raja-raja.” (Sanhedrin 104a)
“Terhadap seorang non Yahudi tidak menjadikan orang Yahudi berzina. Bisa terkena hukuman bagi orang Yahudi hanya bila berzina dengan Yahudi lainnya, yaitu isteri seorang Yahudi. Isteri non-Yahudi tidak termasuk.” (Talmud IV/4/52b)
“Tidak ada isteri bagi non-Yahudi, mereka sesungguhnya bukan isterinya.” (Talmud IV/4/81 dan 82ab)
“Orang-orang Yahudi harus selalu berusaha untuk menipudaya orang-orang non Yahudi.” (Zohar I, 168a)
“Jika dua orang Yahudi menipu orang non-Yahudi, mereka harus membahagi keuntungannya.” (Choschen Ham 183, 7)
“Tetaplah terus berjual beli dengan orang-orang non-Yahudi, jika mereka harus membayar uang untuk itu.” (Abhodah Zarah 2a T)
“Tanah orang non-Yahudi, kepunyaan orang Yahudi yang pertama kali menggunakannya.” (Babba Bathra 54b)
“Setiap orang Yahudi boleh menggunakan kebohongan dan sumpah palsu untuk membawa seorang non-Yahudi kepada kejatuhan.” (Babha Kama 113a)
“Kepemilikan orang non-Yahudi seperti padang pasir yang tidak dimiliki; dan semua orang (setiap Yahudi) yang merampasnya, berarti telah memilikinya.” (Talmud IV/3/54b)
“Orang Yahudi boleh mengeksploitasi kesalahan orang non-Yahudi dan menipunya.” (Talmud IV/1/113b)
“Orang Yahudi boleh mempraktikkan riba terhadap orang non-Yahudi.” (Talmud IV/2/70b)
“Ketika Messiah (Raja Yahudi Terakhir atau Ratu Adil) datang, semuanya akan menjadi budak-budak orang-orang Yahudi.” (Erubin 43b)
Kita nilailah sendiri dengan apa yang telah dinyatakan di sini mengapa permusuhan kita yakni umat Islam dengan bangsa yahudi ini tak akan boleh untuk berdamai sampai hari kiamat nanti. Tapi yakinlah bahawa Islam pasti akan beroleh kejayaan kelak di masa hadapan di mana ketika itu umat Islam akan terus menerus mencari siapa dan di mana sahaja orang yahudi agar mereka dibunuh hatta mereka bersembunyi di belakang pokok mahupun batu sekalipun akan diberitahu mereka di situ kecuali satu pokok yang menyebelahi mereka. Janji Allah dan Rasul itu pasti akan terserlah kebenarannya nanti, InsyaAllah..
Sumber: http://opalotus99.blogspot.com/
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
